First of all, there are four drugs (medicines) that are approved by the USDA for the use in ducks. These have been used successfully for years to control a variety of waterfowl diseases. They are Chlorotetracycline, Neomycin, Novobiocin and Rofenaid.
The bigger concern, however, is sacked feed sold at your local feed store. Some of these sacked feeds (especially starter feeds) have medications in them to control coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is an internal protozoa parasite that can harm chickens, turkeys, game birds and occasionally waterfowl. As coccidiosis is a common problem, and most people have chickens, the feed manufacturers will often include medication in starter feed to better control this disease. But what about waterfowl? Will it harm them?
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| Non-medicated Starter Feed by Ace Hi - though I would prefer a starter as a crumble, not a mash |
We have contacted all the feed mills that we could find that make sacked poultry feed in the US. From material they have sent us or from their website, we have learned that these 29 mills make 59 different starter feeds for chickens, waterfowl and game birds. Of these 59 starter feeds, 19 have a medication in them to control coccidiosis.
Four drugs are used. Fifteen of the feeds contain Amprolium, 1 has Monensin, 1 has Lasolocid and 1 has BMD (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate).
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| Medicated Starter Feed with amprolium by Kalmbach Feeds |
To investigate this further, I asked for the assistance of Dr. Larry McDougal of the University of Georgia and Dr. Alison Martin of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC). Both of these individuals have done extensive work with coccidiosis. They found research that had been done here in the United States and abroad on the effect of these four drugs on waterfowl. As Dr. McDougal said “Not one of these papers described any harmful effects to waterfowl except where the normal dosage was significantly overdosed.”
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| Non-medicated Grower feed by Southern States |
Many of you have heard of Dave Holderread, of Holderread’s Waterfowl Farm in Oregon. Dave is an expert on waterfowl and an ultimate waterfowl breeder. He conducted research on coccidiostats with Oregon State University in 1982 (1). His paper states “Frequently publications pertaining to waterfowl state that medicated feeds should not be fed to ducklings and goslings. In some localities, producers and hobbyists who raise a small number of ducklings and goslings can only purchase medicated chick, turkey or game bird starter and grower feeds. Because of the lack of documented information on this subject and the numerous requests for advice on this matter, anticoccidial drugs zoalene, sulfaquinoxaline and amprolium were mixed in mash feed and fed to ducks up to four weeks of age.”
His conclusion was “From this experiment, it appears that sulfaquinoxaline, zoalene, or amprolium at the manufacturers' use levels for chickens and turkeys did not cause mortality, stunted growth or cripples when fed to Khaki Campbell ducklings to 4 weeks of age."
Therefore, it appears research shows these drugs do not harm waterfowl if used at the rates commonly used with chickens and turkeys.
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| Medicated Chick Starter using amprolium by Lone Star Mills |
Have there been coccidiostats used in the past that were harmful to waterfowl? Probably and that is why the myth began. But those drugs are no longer allowed or no longer used in the United States.
What if you have the choice of medicated or non-medicated starter feed of equal nutritional value? My recommendation would be to use the non-medicated feed. There is no point in feeding medication when it is not needed.
HOWEVER, if the choice is nutritionally correct medicated starter feed or non-medicated feed that does not meet the nutritional needs of the ducklings and goslings, I would definitely recommend the nutritionally correct, medicated starter feed. Research shows the medication will not harm the waterfowl.
(1) Holderread, D., Nakaue, H.S., Arscott, G.H. 1983 Poultry Science 62:1125-1127
Thank you very much for posting this article. We live in an area in Maine that until recently only offered medicated starter locally. We've always had to plan a trip to a far off (50 miles) feed store to get non-medicated feed for the ducklings. Looking forward to ordering our Cayuga and Black & Blue Swede ducklings in the spring!
ReplyDeleteThanks John for the latest info on using medications for waterfowl. The only comment I would like to add is that medications delivered in feed are more "controllable" whereas medications delivered in drinking water can be over consumed.
ReplyDeleteWe duck keepers know how much water ducks consume compared to other fowl and so it seems prudent to be very careful when administering medication in their drinking water lest they o.d.
Can you comment further on this aspect John ?
Thanks , Mark
Good comment. I am not sure, however, if waterfowl use more water or drink more water. I will do some research on water consumption levels of waterfowl vs. chickens vs. turkeys per pound body weight and see how much they vary.
ReplyDeletei really enjoyed your blog.i was really interested in your incubators.mine is a converted freezer with a thermostat for vivariums and a small space heater and a few tiny fans.works great but people keep asking if they can have it for the metal to recycle.that usually turns into a long conversation and a new freind or two along the way
ReplyDeleteThanks for the blog, and information provided. We are new to raising poultry, and are starting with just a few birds, 12 chicks, and two ducklings. The feed advice is very helpful.
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